巧借单元主情景图，开拓教学新途径

来源:基础教育参考 作者:傅海娟

 

浙江省杭州市萧山区渔浦小学  傅海娟
【摘要】单元主情景图作为PEP教材的重要组成部分，它是在真实情景中呈现单元的主要词汇与核心句型并辅助教学。它符合“用教材教”的理念，符合儿童英语学习的身心特质，通过合理利用主情景图，提高孩子的学习兴趣。本文通过主情景图呈现新知，操练所学，拓展文本，落实写作。
【关键词】单元主情景图    呈现  操练  拓展
随着PEP新教材的面世，教材中的单元主情景图比旧版的更加丰富，生动有趣，然而，主旨却不变——在真实情景中呈现本单元主要词汇与核心句型。在教学中，教师合理地应用英语教材中的主情景图辅助教学，能有效地避免过分豪华复杂的情景创设从而忽略英语学习的核心目标——语用。
不过，在公开课和常态课中，单元主情景图的利用率却不高，如何有效地结合单元主情景图进行教学成为教师的重要课题之一。
一、审视：不容忽视的单元主情景图的利用现状
1.舍近求远，视而不见
《英语课程标准》中要求教师合理利用和积极开发各种课程资源，而“教材”是孩子接触到的最主要的学习素材，是英语课程资源的核心部分。教师们挖空心思地创设情境学习主要句型与词汇，然而却忽视了教材中的单元主情境图，没有充分利用身边的资源。
2.随心所欲，取舍自定
教材中的单元主情景图呈现了单元的主要句型和词汇，是PEP教材的重要组成部分，有着不可忽视的作用，然而很多教师都是过分把握自己的选择权，想讲就讲，不想讲就不讲。
3.蜻蜓点水，浮光掠影
部分教师关注到了主情境图，让孩子在单元学习开始前浏览一遍或者单元结束后齐读一遍，利用了几个句型，里面的情景根本不去关注，只是浅尝辄止。
单元主情景图是一个单元教学内容和目标的浓缩版，更为教学提供一个完整的教学情景。教师可以用主情景图整体呈现新知，也可以利用主情景图复习整理、归纳巩固以及适当的拓展。
如何让单元主情景图发挥最大的效用，辅助并巩固整体的英语教学，值得教师好好地研究。因此笔者尝试在小学高英语教学中，探索如何正确把握、使用单元主情景图，挖掘其潜在的资源从而有效地提高英语教学的课堂实效，逐步提高孩子语言综合运用的能力，使英语生活化、情景化、交际化。
二、审思：丰富多彩的单元主情景图的重要作用
1.单元主情景图作为呈现、操练新知的蓝图，符合新课程提倡的“低成本、高效率”的教学原则。合理应用教材情境图辅助教学，能有效地“避免情景创设过分豪华复杂，忽视语言运用的现象。”（浙江省小学英语建议，2008）
2.利用并开发单元主情景图符合“用教材教”的理念。<<英语课程标准>>要求教师合理利用合积极开发各种课程资源，而教材是孩子接触到的最主要的学习素材，教师应该要有自己的解读、理解、选择和整合。单元主情景图图文并茂，丰富多彩，情景贴近生活，是一种直观的教学辅助。
3.单元主情景图符合儿童英语学习的身心特质，有利于培养孩子的英语直线思维能力。根据儿童的生理和心理特点，小孩子形象化的读图理解能力比纯文字的阅读能力强。
4.比起低段学生，高段学生有较多的英语知识和扎实的英语基础，能够对单元主情景图延伸更多的想法，有利于对单元知识点的拓展教学。
由此可见，重视并充分利用单元主情景图符合教学需要，与其用豪华复杂的课外情景或多媒体资源，不如去繁就简，多样化地开发和拓展单元主情景图。
三、审行：巧借单元主情景图，开拓教学新途径
1、巧借单元情景图，呈现学习新知
（1）凸显情景，激活旧词
每个单元的主情景图中，都或多或少包含了孩子学过的旧词，教师可以让学生仔细观察情景图，找一找学过的知识，激活旧知，以旧引新，让学生慢慢地融入这个情景中学习新词，同时也培养孩子的观察能力。
（2）以图为引，导入文本
良好的开端是成功的一半。如果教师能紧扣阅读教学目标，自然巧妙地导入话题，将为整个教学奠定良好的基础。笔者觉得借助单元主情景图能高效地导入阅读话题，拉近文本与孩子的距离，营造浓厚的学习氛围，实现从旧到新的自然过渡，跨出成功的第一步。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2、巧借单元情景图，操练复习所学
（1）借图引导，搭建支架
建构主义认为，要以孩子为中心，在整个教学过程中由教师起组织者、指导者、帮助者和促进者的作用，利用情境、协作、会话等学习环境要素充分发挥孩子的主动性、积极性和首创精神，最终达到使孩子有效地实现对当前所学知识的意义建构的目的。因此，教师在孩子英语学习时也要以孩子为中心，为孩子搭建支架，建构文本。单元主情景图正是整个单元主要的语言支架，为孩子会话操练巩固提供框架与材料。
（2）借图巧练，丰富会话
Let’s talk中通常是你问我答的A、B角色，而在单元主情景图中会出现不同的角色，一般不止两位，那么教师可以利用主情景图中丰富原有的会话角色，让会话变得生动、有趣，会话模式也可变化，从单一的A、B角色演变成三人、四人会话。同时，在情景图原有的基础上，可以鼓励孩子利用已知内容构建更多的语言，丰富会话内容。
3、巧借单元情景图，拓展延伸文本
（1）以图为境，拓展文本
有效的拓展能帮助孩子巩固所学知识，让学习更有效。教师可以深度挖掘主情境图中内含的教育资源，进行提炼和升华，让孩子有据可依，有话可说。针对单元主情景图的大情景，让孩子发挥想象，延伸情景，融汇旧知，拓展所学。
（2）以图为辅，落实写作
《英语课程标准》在二级语言技能目标中强调：孩子应能根据要求为图片、实物等写出简短的标题或描述。作为高段孩子，拥有一定的英语知识储备，教师只要提供一个背景和相关的主要词汇、句型，孩子应该能够把情景用文字表达出来。单元主情景图不仅有鲜艳的图片，还具有真实贴切的生活情境，为孩子的写作提供良好的素材，它必将是孩子学习英语的一片沃土。教师要用好这一片沃土，巧妙地发掘主情景图潜在的内容，发挥其应有的作用，让单元主情景图更好地服务于我们的课堂教学，为自己的教学添上绚丽的一笔。
四、审效：令人欣喜的主情景图运用效果
单元主情景图版面形象生动，富含童趣，是一种很好的课程资源。实践证明，利用单元主情景图可以避免教师繁琐地创设情景，单调地操练。它可以帮助学生提高各方面的能力，使他们的听说读写各个方面都得到进步，同时也能提高他们阅读写作的能力，激发他们的学习兴趣。这一年，单元主情景图的运用取得了令人欣喜的成效：
1、提高了英语的课堂效率
通过书本已有的情景，单刀直入，让学生们不再感到老师的拐外抹角，枯燥乏味，引入新知快速又有效，大大降低了导入时间。同时，利用主情景图操练巩固，让学生有依可据，有话可说，提高了每一位学生的学习兴趣。
2、激发了学生的学习潜能
主情景图的开发有效地激发了学生的学习潜能。学生的口语和书面表达的能力进一步提升，综合语言运用能力得到了加强。
3、降低了学习难度
主情景图生动活泼，内容丰富，既含表面知识，又可挖掘深层内容，后进生和优等生都适合，让每一位学生都可以或多或少表达些课本内容，降低了学习难度。
在欣喜的同时，静下心来，反思这一路走来，笔者也存在着一些困惑：一是由于班级学生人数多，使得反馈时教师不能兼顾每一位学生。另一方面，单元情景图的反复利用同时也降低了新鲜感，所以它的利用也存在局限性。这些都需要我们在今后的实践中不断总结，不断改进，不断提高，使主情景图在教学中更加有效地运用。
参考文献：
1．教育部基础教育司《英语课程标准（实验稿）》北京师范大学出版社2012
2．刘素华 《浅谈课本插图在英语教学中的妙用》《基础教育参考》2014年第24期